HTTP static servers
The commands below will start a HTTP server on port 8080 and serve the files in the current directory (you will be able to acces it at http://localhost:8080). If there are two commands, the first one will install a dependency.
Node.js
$ npm install -g node-static
$ static -p 8080
Ruby
$ ruby -rwebrick -e'WEBrick::HTTPServer.new(:Port => 8080, :DocumentRoot => Dir.pwd).start'
Ruby 1.9.2+
$ ruby -run -ehttpd . -p8080
Perl
$ cpan HTTP::Server::Brick
$ perl -MHTTP::Server::Brick -e '$s=HTTP::Server::Brick->new(port=>8080); $s->mount("/"=>{path=>"."}); $s->start'
PHP 5.4+
$ php -S 127.0.0.1:8080
Python 2
$ python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8080
Python 3
$ python -m http.server 8080